Marketing-Case Study on Dunkins Donut

MARKETING – BT10303 Presentation on Case Study Topic †¢ Dunkin’s Donut Group of Member ? Yelly Yong(YE 2007 – 7735) ? Heather Dyi(YE 2007 – 7733) ? Intan Arniesa(YE 2007 – 7729 ? Patrick Laing(YE 2007 – 7731) ? Mohd Raed (YE 2007 – 6892) Date of submission: ? 13th Sept 2009 Lecturer Name ? Ms Grace Phang Introduction of Dunkin’ Donuts [pic] [pic] Dunkin’ Donut is a highly recognizable brand name. Its global presence, strong sales and known brand name are qualities that many people envy. The company has almost 5000 stores worldwide. Dunkin’ Donut attracts customers in large part because of three key feature f its offering – quality, variety and affordability. The company pride itself on quality which makes freshness doughnut and coffee. They offers variety doughnut and flavored coffees. The Dunkin’ Donut also offers convenience which easy access location. Finally, Dunkin’s Donut can be afforded by all level of customer. 1. Would you say that Dunkin’ Donuts is product oriented or customer-oriented? Why? Dunkin’ Donuts are Customer Oriented because their primary goal is to get customer satisfaction which Dunkin Donut was attracting a customer from all level and keep providing a high quality menu item which they serving the customer with a variety doughnuts selection and a great coffee flavour with the reasonable price which can be afford by everyone.. ? Beside Dunkin Donut also work hard by providing high quality menu item and the best service to world wide customer just to earn customer loyalty. 2. What would you guess is Dunkin’ Donuts’ mission statement? What are its corporate goals? Dunkin’ Donuts’ mission statement would be â€Å"to emphasize the strong work ethic to make a good, fresh product, just for the customers†. By this, Dunkin’ Donuts declared its mission as to give full commitment in giving the best value of its customers’ money at anytime. ? The corporate goals would be â€Å"to be a fun company† and to be the best doughnut and coffee combo seller in the world by dominating at least one of these attribute: Doughnut selection, coffee flavor, price or location. 3. How would you tackle the issues of Starbucks and Krispy Kreme invading Dunkin’ Donuts turf? [pic]

Social interactionism: an introduction, an interpretation, an integration Essay

A theory is a coherent group of general propositions that are tested, regarded as correct and can be used as principles (Thomas, 2012: p243). Through the study of sociology and other disciplines, different theories have been developed. These theories are developed with an aim of explaining different facts and events experienced by human beings. Some of the proved theories include interactions theory, labeling theory, structural functionalism theory, moral panic theory, conflict theory among others. Interactionism theory refers to the ways people approach questions relating to social cognition (Partington, 2009:p.91). It provides the basis of how one person understands the other. It focuses on environmental contexts and body behaviors rather than mental processes. It brings an argument against two different contemporary approaches that are the simulation theory and theory (TT). Social interactionism theory explains language development emphasizing on the role of social interaction between linguistically knowledgeable adults and a developing child (Leeman, 2008:p.37). It is largely based on socio-cultural theories invented by soviet psychologist. There are other theories closely linked with interactionism theory. Such theories include Labeling theory, Moral panic theory, structural functionalism theory, conflict theory among others. This paper critically explores and analyses interactionist theories of crime and deviance. It gives a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the theories. Labeling theory, moral panics, structural functioning and conflict theories are also analyzed. The whole report introduces different theories, how they are developed, merits and demerits, and how they are related to human living. Interactionism theory                Interactionists study the impacts that theories such as labeling have on people (Yang, 2007:p.1525). They are critical theories of right wing such as the right realism, new right, and functionalism. They claim that social control agents, such as police, are fair, unbiased and just. Though the study conducted by Cicourel shows how these agents like police hold typifications leading to prophecy of self fulfilling. Interactionism theory opposes theories of social structure held by theories of Right Wing. It has a belief that it gets free will instead of having a passive reaction to the society. It is believed that people stops interpreting a situation even before choosing which action to take. Sociologically, interactionism being a theoretical perspective derives social processes like cooperation, conflict, and identity formation from human interaction (Nisbett, 2012:p.109). It gives a study of how people act within the society. For the last half of the 21st century, interactionism theory has become the most sociological perspective dominant in the world. Its development has been facilitated by an advocate of subjectivity of social reality and pragmatism, George Herbert Mead. Later, Herbert Blumer reviewed Mead’s work and invented symbolic interactionism theory. Interactionism has been subdivided into phenomenology, social action, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism, and social constructionism (Manzon, 2007:p3). Interactions                Interactionism is micro-sociological in nature. It has a belief that any meaning is obtained through individual interactions. Social interaction refers to a face-to-face process comprising of reactions, actions, and mutual adaptation existing between individuals (Gallagher, 2010:p.441). The aim of social interaction is to facilitate communication between different people. Control is an important tool in the interaction process. During interaction, one must try to control the behavior of other people. This is important as it facilitates acquiring of information one is seeking and controls one’s own image. â€Å"Presentation of self† and â€Å"social role† is the most important concept in the field of interactionism. Interactionists are interested in understanding individuals and their actions within the society (Farral, 2012: p.392). They do not agree with class as an issue they reject the notion of generalizing that people from one social class thinks the same. They have a belief that every person has different values, attitudes, culture and beliefs. They reject structuralism methods preferred by structuralisms on statistical data. These rejected methods include; structured interviews, experiments, questionnaires, secondary sources and non-participant observation (Preacher, 2007:p.188). They criticize that; statistical data is ‘invalid’. They say that statistical data do not provide people with true societal picture on the topic under research. Secondly, they criticize that the research is not objective as it is biased. They argue that the research is biased because of the hypothesis of a pre-set conclusion (Rosenhan, 2009: p.213). They advocate for several methods to contrast structuralism methods such as, unstructured interviews, overt participant observation, and covert participant observation. They also give a historical analysis, personal and public documents through content analysis. Interactionists criticize that data provided are not reliable. This is because sociological research and information cannot be contrasted or compared. Despite their criticisms, interactionism methods are not flexible. Lack of hypotheses shows that a sociologist is not required giving an attempt of proving a theory or dogma; instead they work on what they discover. This results to unreliable information as the sociologist is not allowed to have any assumption concerning the society. Research has also shown that interactions such as socialization affects and alters human behavior (Pr eacher,2008:p.879). This theory links us to other theories such as Neo-Marxism and pluralism. Pluralism                It is a theory with an idea that public gets what they want. It has a notion that people’s lives offer choices such as representative democracy. Consumer choice is an idea that means each has the ability as a consumer to change any life aspect if he/she wishes to do so (Gala, 2008: p.273). According to pluralism theory, reflection of the values, norms, and beliefs of the majority exists. Interactionism theory exists in different forms that are social and symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism                It emphasizes on the micro-processes by which people construct identities, meanings, and joint acts (Anderson, 2009:p.373). It accentuates how interaction, symbols, and human agency serve as the cornerstone of people’s social life. This theory is a sociological perspective with many influential areas of the discipline. It is mostly significant in social psychology and micro sociology. It is a product of two key theorists, Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead. Basic approach and premises                Symbolic interactionism has been used as a label in a distinctive relative approach to the study of human conduct and human life. It has made reality be seen as a social interaction developed with others. Symbolic Interactionists believe that physical reality exists through an individual’s social definitions (Aram, 2009:p.98). The theory has proved that people do not respond directly to the reality but rather to the understanding of social reality. Human beings therefore, exist in three a social reality, physical reality, and a unique reality (Becker, 2009:p.29). Physical reality comprises of natural facts and material necessities. Unique reality shows a person’s ability to view things in a new way, do something unique, or make a unique discovery. Lastly, social reality shows that a person has a socialized world conception such as economic structure and gender role. The theory has proved that both the society and individuals are two inseparable items. They are created through social interaction, and none can be understood in the absence of the other (Ritzer, 2010p.896). Central ideas behind symbolic interactionism                A person has to be understood as a social being. Constant search in the social interaction contributes to how human beings behave. Symbolic interactionism does not focus on the personality of a person or how society causes human behavior. Its focus is based on the activities taking place between actors (Charon, 2009: p.210). Individuals and society are both created through interaction. Social interaction serves as the central point of what a person does. A person has to be understood as a thinking being. Action of a human being is both an interaction among the individual and within the individual. Human ideas, attitudes or values are not as important as the constant active thinking process undergoing in a human being. The theory states that if a person wants to understand something, he or she must focus on thinking. A person does not sense his or her environment directly, but define his or her current situation. Even though the environment exists, what is important is how a person defines it. The definition does not happen randomly, but it is as a result of ongoing thinking and social interaction (Manzon, 2012: p.637). Human action is caused by the results of what is occurring in today’s life. It results from the present thinking, social interaction, definition, and present definition (Ferback, 2011: p.677). These present activities lead to actions and not the past experience. Experience enters primarily to the present actions as we think about it and use it to define the present situation. Human beings are known to be active as far as their environment is concerned. In symbolic interaction, a human being is not described using words such as conditioning, controlled, responding, formed, and imprisoned. Social-scientific perspectives describe human beings as active in what they do, but not passive to their surroundings (Athens, 2013: p.408). Central interactions principles Human agency                It is a principle that puts more emphasis on willful, active, goal seeking character of human actors (cousins, 2008:p.151). The emphasis of this principle focuses on the attention of those events, actions and social life moments. These agentic actions of a human agency are known to be palpable. Interactive determination                It is a principle that specifies understanding focal analysis of the objects (Partington, 2009: p.366). It specifies the analysis whether they are identities, self-concepts, practices, roles, or even social movement. This means that the society, individual, self, or others exist only when related to each other thus they are fully understood through their interaction. Symbolization                It highlights the processes by which conditions and events, people, artifacts and other environmental characteristics with certain meanings become objects of orientation. A person’s behavior is contingent partly on the meaning and symbolization of the object of orientation (Preacher, 2010:p.407). Emergence                Its focus is on the attention of the non habituated and procession side of life. It focuses not only the texture and organization of social life, but also the associated feelings and meaning (Rouger, 2009: p.261). It emphasizes on the possibility of new forms of system meaning and social life together with the existing transformations. Criticisms                Symbolic interactionism has always been criticized because of being over impressionistic in their methods of research. They have also been criticized for their theories being unsystematic. Critics argue that symbolic interactionism is not a single theory (Anderson, 2009: p.489). However, it operates as a framework of many theories. Some prominent theorists criticize the theory due to lack of testability which creates a problem when using the theory. These problems made the interactionism theory camp are relegated to a minority position in the field of sociologists. Frame work and theories                Some of its critiques are based on the fact that it is assumed to be a theory, but it does not have a good basis of a theory. Its framework is too general and broad that creates a problem when theorists are seeking a theory. According to Stryker (2003: p.123), symbolic interaction is not a theory but rather a theoretical framework. Social structure                It is a theory that is always connected and related to social structure. The study suggests that it is used in constructing social reality of people (Ritzer, 2010:p.837). There exist many factors and aspects that surround symbolic interactionism theory. These aspects include critical issues of sociology and methodological criticisms. Strengths of interactionism’ theory                Interactionist theory is mostly based on the work of George Herbert an American psychologist and a philosopher. It takes an assumption that people learn how to react and act to different circumstances concerning their societal interactions. It attributes cooperation, conflict and identity beliefs of how people perceive others around them. It is attributed to the following strengths/ advantages. For teachers                It suggests that learners within similar cultural settings view many ideas in the same way. Teachers apply this similarity as a benefit when planning for a lesson. Through the use of different ways of giving instruction instead of books, teachers are able to incorporate culture and society in the classrooms (Denzin, 2012:p.121). It helps students to retain the content as the materials used by the students are more appealing due to their similarities. Modeling                The theory indicates that learning happens with more ease if learners are subjected to constant demonstration of the content they are to learn (Kinney, 2010: p.896). These demonstrations are conflict resolution, speech and perceptions. It suggests that a learner in a class of foreign language has an advantage of learning materials if there is a consistent repetition of the language. Generational consistency                Learning through association takes place on cultural generations where younger members emulate their elders. This is a benefit of interactionism theory. It helps in maintaining dialects, cultural traditions and ways of life (Preacher, 2010:p.916). Using this theory, children are able to learn how to speak from their parents and grandparents. Ability to change                The theory bases the ability of people to learn from their surrounding and culture. The advantage behind this idea is that all people are responsible of their own abilities. The theory states that people acquire knowledge through observation (Newburn, 2010:p.310). It suggests that everyone who wishes to become intelligent, he or she should move to areas with more people who are academically minded and interact with them. Weakness of interactionism theory                This theory is based on the principles and assumptions of symbolic interactionism. These assumptions include the meaning obtained when people interact with others. People responds to things and to other people according to the meanings attached to them (Denzin, 2012: p.369). The problem of this theory is that it is unable to explain where people obtain the meaning of these symbols. Another weakness is that the theory emphasizes more on symbols that may be interpreted wrongly or differently. Labeling theory                It is a theory indicating how individual’s behavior and self-identity may be influenced or determined by the terms used to classify or describe them (Reeves, 2009: p.631). It is a theory associated with concepts of stereotyping and self-fulfilling prophecy. It emphasizes that deviance is not inherent to an act. Its focus is based on the way people label others from their standards of cultural norms. Some developments concerning the theory have been made since 1970s. Terms applied in this theory are related to disability, deviance or diagnosis of mental disorder has been rejected. This theory is closely related to symbolic-interaction and social-construction analysis. Mostly, this theory concerns itself, not with roles that are normal and defines people’s lives, but with special roles provided by the society for stigmatic roles, deviant roles, or social stigma (Bernburg, 2010:p.68). Social roles refer to set expectations people have about a certain behavior. They are necessary for the functioning of any organization or a society. Researchers found that roles that are deviant affect how people perceive the ones assigned those roles. They also have an impact of on how the deviant actor sees himself and how he is related to the society. Moral panics                This refers to an intense feeling that is expressed in a population concerning an issue appearing to threaten the normal social order (Critcher, 2009: p.17). Study shows that it occurs when episode, person, condition or group of people is defined as a threat to interests and societal values. In reality, they are the controversies involving social tension and arguments where disagreement becomes difficult as its center matter is a taboo. Moral panics are associated with several distinct characteristics. The first is a concern which states that awareness must be made indicating that the group’s behavior has negative effects to the society. Hostility This indicates that the hostility of the group in question increases resulting to a clear division. Consensus Though the concern in moral panics does not have to be widespread, a nationwide acceptance of the group in question is required as it gives a real threat to society. Volatility                They are highly volatile indicating that their chances of disappearing are very high. This is due to a wane in the news report or public interests changing to a different topic. Structural-functionalism theory                It refers to a framework used in constructing a theory that perceives society being a complex system combining work together to promote stability and solidarity (Danaldson, 2009: p.1). It is an approach that views society in a macro-level orientation. This gives a broad focus relating to social structures that shape the whole society believing that it evolved like organisms. It is an approach that examines both social functions and social structure. It addresses the role of society’s constituent elements as a whole which include customs, norms, traditions, and institutions. The theory was intended to give a description of a level in the social science methodological development, but not a specified school of thought. Its approach is a macro sociological analysis which focuses broadly on social structures shaping the whole society. Conflict theory                It is a sociological perspective that emphasizes on political, social, or material inequality of a given social group (Dutton, 2010: p.680).They draw attention relating to power differentials such as class conflict, and it is used to give a general contrast concerning dominant historical ideologies. It analyzes the society at the macro-level like structural functionalism. It is a set out theory for highlighting inherent ideological aspects that are inherent in traditional thought. Conclusively, different theories have given different causes of artifacts and events. Among the discussed theories in the essay, interactionism theory appears to be the most wide and broad form of theory. These theories have been viewed by different sociologists where some are recommended, and others criticized. Interactionism is the most criticized the theory as a result of its weaknesses in providing reliable information. This theory has also been attributed to some advantages that are beneficial to both the teacher and learners. Sustaining cultural norms and traditions has also been facilitated by development of theories. Theories should be made clear and precise to avoid creating confusions to the members of the society. References Thomas, M. (2011).The autonomy myth: a theory of dependency. New York: New Press. Partington, R. (2009). An introduction to interactionsm theory.Cullompton, Devon, UK: WillanPub. Leeman, K. (2010). Theory of knowledge. Boulder: Westview Press. Ritzer, G., & Nibset, J. (2010).Modern sociological theory (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Manson, R. (2009). Social theory: continuity and confrontation : a reader. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. Gallagher, J. (2009). Social interactionism: an introduction, an interpretation, an integration. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Farrall, M. L. (2012). Reading Assessment Linking Language, Literacy, and Cognition..Chichester: Wiley. Preacher, C. (2013). The social interactinism impacts of socialization on human beings, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Anderson, N. (2009). Blue-ribbon papers behind the professional mask : the autobiographies of leading symbolic interactionists. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Aram, E. (2009). Adaptation and innovation theory, design and role-taking in group relations conferences and their applications.. London: Karnac Ritzer, G., & Publications, i. (2009).Encyclopedia of social theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Athens, L., &Denzin, N. K. (2013).Radical Interactionism on the Rise. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Reynolds, L. T., & Kinney, N. J. (2010).Handbook of symbolic interactionism. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Reeves, E. (2009).introduction to labeling theory. Los Angeles: Sage. Critcher, W. F. (2009). Moral panics and the copyright wars. New York: Oxford University Press. Danaldson, D. (2009). Structural functionalism theory. . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dutton, D. (2010). Reading Assessment conflict theory, causes, and impacts..Chichester: Wiley. Source document

Water analysis

Students are tested for their knowledge of basic titration technique and proper usage of specific-use probes (those used for conductivity, alkalinity, and pH, chloride, nitrate and hardness detection) on Logger Pro software. The purpose of this comprehensive lab is to determine the chemical properties of public drinking water found at four specific locations in the Toledo Ohio area.Students test the various repertories of this drinking water by subjecting it to the following tests: pH tests, conductivity tests, total and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, total hardness, chloride tests, and nitrates tests. With respect to the data collected In this lab, students also use conversion factors to calculate the parts per million. Following directions carefully and prudently Is crucial for the success of the experiment and as well to the fact that the testing will be finished during the lab period.Tests like these are perform daily by industrial water treatment plant in order to ensure the Toledo such the EPA to report its findings within a written deadline. Obviously reports of water quality that are not up to the government's standards, (all of the standards will be listed at a later section in the report) will be subjected to further testing and isolated from public access until the standards are met.This lab mimics the daily routines of employed chemists at these facilities on a smaller scale. Students that chose to enter such profession will be held responsible for using the techniques learned in this lab. Safety Information: Most of the chemicals used in this lab are dangerous. Avoid bodily contact, ingestion or any type of spills. Assume that all of the reagents used in the lab are poisonous.Rinse the pH probe thoroughly with distilled water. Place the probe into a small beaker that contains one of the two calibration buffer solutions. B. Choose Experiment, Calibrate†¦ , and select the Sensor Setup tab. With the button for Port 1 (or Channel CHI) depressed , confirm or choose the Sensor: pH probe and Calibration: PH. Select the Calibrate tab and click on Calibrate Now. C. Gently stir the buffer with the pH probe. When the voltage reading of the pH probe is stable. Enter the pH value of the buffer solution (read off of the bottle of buffer solution) to the nearest 0. 01 intoValue 1 and press Keep. D. Rinse the probe with Del water and then place it in a small beaker that contains the second calibration solution. When the reading is stable, enter the pH value of the buffer solution to the nearest 0. 01 into Value 2 and press Keep. Press K to store the calibration. E. Check that the calibration worked by placing the probe back into the buffer solution. If the displayed value does not match the value of the buffer, exit out of Logger and reopen the window. The displayed probe in pH 7 buffer until it is later needed. 4. ) Obtain a suitable size of sample to determine the PH. Ml is suitable for this experiment. Measure this amount of sample using a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too ml glass beaker. 5. ) Place the pH probe into the beaker containing the sample. Record the pH of the sample on your Data sheet. 6. ) Rinse the probe with Del water and dry it. Immediately place the probe back into the pH buffer. Conductivity Test: 1 . ) The experiment should already be open on the laptop. If not, select the Expo. 14 Conductivity icon that is on the desktop. 2. ) Double check that the switch box is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS (Total Dissolved Solids).If necessary, you may change this setting to match your sample's value. A high range standard is available if needed. 3. ) Calibrate the conductivity probe using a two- point calibration. Use the low-and mid-range solutions to perform the calibrations. A. Initiate the calibration procedure in the software b. Place the Conductivity Probe into a standard solution with a low conductivity value (this should be between O – IPPP/CM or O- MGM/ L TTS†¦ Say 1 moms/CM). Be sure the entire elongated hole with the electrode surfaces is submerged in the solution ND that there are no air bubbles along the electrode surface.Wait for the displayed voltage to stabilize. C. Enter the value of the standard solution in the appropriately chosen units. D. Repeat the calibration using the medium conductivity (this is between O – Phipps†¦ Say mass/CM) 4. ) Analyze the sample's conductivity a. Using a rinsed ml graduated cylinder, measure ml of the sample. B. Transfer this amount to anther clean and dry beaker. C. Place the probe into the beaker containing the sample. D. Wait for the reading to stabilize. Record the conductivity on your data sheet. E. Convert the reading into MGM/L and pimp. Source: Conductivity Probe, Fernier Software and Technology via their website www. Fernier. Com/support/manuals/) Total and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests: 1 . ) Measure 50 ml of your sample in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the samp le into a mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add three to five drops of phenolphthalein solution to you sample. 3. ) Set up a titration apparatus (where the clean burette is clamped too ring stand). 4. ) Obtain about mall of sulfuric acid (HASPS) into a larger beaker. 5. ) Full the burette with HASPS up until a point above the calibration mark (Mol).Place a waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock and release the remaining HASPS to get rid of air bubbles. 6. ) Record the exact concentration of the HASPS into your data sheet. Record the initial burette reading to the nearest 0. 01 ml. Replace the waste beaker with the flask containing the sample. 7. ) Titrate the sample too colorless endpoint. The solution will be barely pink Just before the endpoint of the solution. Add a few drops of 10% tessellate solution to the sample (do this Just before the endpoint of your titration! ) Record the final volume of the HASPS used. A.Use the mixed indicator brochures green/methyl red) this samp le should be green at the beginning and the endpoint should be a yellow-straw color. B. If needed, refill the burette with more HASPS. Record the initial value into your data table. Sample will become colorless and then the next drop should give you the straw color. 8. ) Record the phenolphthalein alkalinity and total alkalinity in militarily and pimp. Total Hardness Test: 1 . ) Obtain ml of your water sample measured on a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add one scoop of Universe indicator to your sample.The color of the solution should be reddish pink. 3. ) Obtain bout mall of DEED. Record the concentration of your iterant. 4. ) Set up a similar titration thingy. Rinse a burette with Del and then with DEED. 5. ) Fill the burette with DEED up until the calibration mark. Place the waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock to remove air bubbles. Record the initial volume of DEED on your data sheet to the nearest 0. 01 ml. 6. ) Titrate th e sample until the color of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) Report the total hardness in militarily and pimp. (Other Sources: Water Chemistry, ANAL ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL Lab Manual. 2013-2014) Results: pH and POOH values per each sample tested Total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present? Carbonate, Hydroxide, and or Bicarbonate alkalinity Total Hardness and Non-Carbonate hardness of each sample Nitrates/Chlorides present Conductivity tests per each sample Sample Calculation used in Sample 4: pH: Value collected from pH probe: 6. 42 pH [H+} = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = -log[OH-] = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 Total alkalinity: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (source). Total Volume of acid titrated (for both phenolphthalein and brochures green methyl red indicators): 5. 21 ml 0. Ml acid/l . 0 pimp Cacao -? 5. 21 ml acid/ x pimp C acao 52. 1 pimp cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity: *Due to a shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (source). Volume of acid titrated: 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml pimp cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acid)/xx 5. pimp cacao Carbonate Alkalinity Present? Carbonate alkalinity is present when phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero, but is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). Half of Total alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 pimp cacaos o 15. 1 pimp cacaos 26. 05 pimp cacao Yes carbonate alkalinity is present because the phenolphthalein value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is a nonzero number that is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample (26. 05 pimp Cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity: Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) pimp (CO)2- = 30. 2 pimp (cacao)2- Anton Hydroxide A lkalinity Present?Hydroxide alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half of the total alkalinity. 15. 1 pimp cacaos 226. 05 pimp cacaos This statement is false thereby proving that no hydroxide alkalinity is present in this sample of water. Hydroxide alkalinity: N/A Bicarbonate Alkalinity Present? Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). 15. 1 pimp Cacao 26. 05 pimp Cacao Yes bicarbonate alkalinity is present in this sample because the phenolphthalein alkalinity value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample 26. 5 pimp Cacao). Bicarbonate Alkalinity: Bicarbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 pimp HCI- Total Hardness of Sample: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. MM DEED, 0. 10 ml of DEED is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). *Due too shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration us ing phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * Volume of DEED titrated: 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml pimp cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX pimp cacao x = 52. 5 pimpNon-Carbonate hardness of the Sample: This is the difference between the Total Hardness and the Total Alkalinity (52. 5 pimp cacao) – (52. 1 pimp cacao) = 0. 4 pimp cacao Observations: Each of the four samples collected were visually similar. Each were colorless, and mostly free of suspended particles. None exhibited any odors. The test done on sample 4 for hardness were dissimilar to the tests done on the previous samples because it form an orange complex with the Universe indicator rather than the more commonly found red color. This may have been due to improper cleaning of glassware.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test done for sample 3 was peculiar in that addition of large amounts of iterant did not produce a visible endpoint. Upon further inve stigative assistance from the TA it was confirmed that the water sample was already at its most acidic state recognizable by the phenolphthalein indicator. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to simulate the government-run procedures done to analyze public drinking water, an important event that is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Understanding the underlying methods for success at these series of experiments is what the main idea is.The series requires students to recall and implement various laboratory techniques in order to process the sample of water. It is a comprehensive review on the following: using computer software such as Logger Pro, calibration technique using various specific probes, titration, understanding the basics of geochemistry in chemical expressions, understanding the effects of pH on solutions, and overall safety awareness. Chemists use these techniques to tackle more complex problems. For now, the simpler â€Å"mint† experimen ts listed above are up for discussion. The first experiment done was the total hardness test.This involves the iterant, DEED which forms a dark red complex with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the sample-indicator mixture causes the red color to fade. This is the result of the unknown metal action in the sample reacting with the DEED and getting rid of the red complex formed. Thus the solution color turns blue, which signals the student that the endpoint has been reached. Essentially the amount of DEED titrated determines the amount of unknown metal present in the sample. These metals are Ca+ and Approximation of the specific action present is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample water.If the pH is above 12, then only the Ca+ action can be detected. The total hardness of sample 1 was reported at 119. 9 pimp Cacao. The extent to how hard the water is, is denoted by a scale of water hardness. The scale used here was taken from the Fairfax County Water Authority, a w ater treatment facility. It states that: soft water has less than 17. 1 pimp of metal particles, slightly hard water has 17. 1 – 60 pimp metal particles, hard water has 120-180 pimp metal particles, and very hard water has over 180 pimp metal ions present (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness†, www. Face. G The water in sample 1 is therefore moderately hard to hard. Sample 2, 3, and 4 contain slightly hard water. In addition the Non- carbonate hardness was also calculated. The results from both the total and non-carbonate hardness tests for each sample are shown in the graph titled, â€Å"Total Hardness and Non-carbonate Hardness of each sample†. The non-carbonate hardness tests accounts for different anions other than the carbonates that may be responsible the presence of dissolved salts in drinking water. Such anions include certain types of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates (Kippering, Lab Manual).The non-carbonate hardness of each sample cannot be determined until a full assessment of the total alkalinity of each sample is done. Thus these calculations are held for the third section of this paper. The EPA does not have a standard or hardness of water. In fact, the National Research Council states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of calcium and magnesium human dietary needs (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness†, www. Face. Org). How can we tell what ions are present in each sample? This is entirely dependent on the relative pH of the samples which is discussed in the next section.Determining the pH of all four samples is a simple procedure. As long as the pH probe is calibrated using the correct buffers each determination should give an accurate result. PH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing large exponentially small concentration of hydrogen ion give a large value pH and the opposite is true for higher concentrations. This phenomenon occurs because measu rement of pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. The pH values given by the computer can be converted into hydrogen ion concentrations by taking the negative log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water theory to convert hydrogen ion concentration to hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. Simple use the equation: K = [HUH+] *[H+] and [HUH+] can be used interchangeably Using these equations students can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their corresponding hydroxide concentrations as noted in the graph titled, â€Å"pH and POOH values per each sample tested,† The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is highly acidic. Sample 2 has a pH of 6. 02. Sample 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples tested here contained slightly acidic eater.The EPA does not have a standard for pH because it is considered a secondary drinking water contaminant, which is aesthetic (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not regulate this property of water, the Ohio Department of Health does provide additional causes and effects of unnatural pH levels. They claim that the our water, the soil composition that the surface water runs though and a host of others (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes are most relevant as they have a direct impact on the quality of our drinking water, which comes primarily from surface waters.As a result from continued use of basic water (pH above 7) people report bitter tasting water, and buildup of minerals in plumbing (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from continued use of acidic water, residents will have sour tasting water, and metallic staining (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Extreme cases will undoubtedly cause bodily harm Just as the reagent used in lab. As stated earlier, both calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH lower than 12. Since all of the tested sample have lower pH values, we can conclude that there are both calcium and magnesium ions presen t.The following experiment tested each sample for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the amount of basic ions in a sample (Kippering, Lab Manual). The procedure for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalein alkalinity first by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a clear endpoint and recording the amount of iterant (HCI) used. A second indicator, (brochures green methyl red) is added to the sample and further titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the amount of HCI added in the first titration to calculate the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the total amount of HCI titrated to calculate the total alkalinity. The following expression was used to calculate all of the entries for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity: when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. 10 ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). Each calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, â₠¬Å"Total alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity'. All of the measurements are calculated in pimp Cacao. Sample 1 produced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 181 pimp Cacao.Sample 2 reduced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao Sample three gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. Lastly Sample 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In addition to these two measurements, students were also required to calculate the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if at all present in the samples. The results table for these variables are found under the table titled, â€Å"Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present?If the samples met a certain criteria, then they tested positive for the three possible alkalinity's. Students could then use the three equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to calculate the alkalinity of the corresponding anion present. A trend can be note in the tables above. Samples that had no hydroxide alkalinity tested positive for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both shared carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. Thus sources of carbonate solids are the main contributors to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is positive for hydroxide alkalinity.Thus salts of hydroxide must be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are treated similarly by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In general alkalinity is treated much the same as basic solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the values for total alkalinity done. Students simply subtract the total hardness by the total alkalinity. The values given show the amount of dissolved solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts). The last three tests are the most simple.They involve the usage of specific probes Just as in the experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the four samples. Conductivity is a measurement of electrical activity in a sample. After proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the value on the data sheet. The standard value of water conductivity is given in as/CM. All of the entries for the four samples are located under the table titled, â€Å"Conductivity tests per each sample,† Distilled water has a conductivity of about 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas many rivers along the U. S. Have conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the four samples tested show that the drinking water in the Toledo area is much similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. Waterways. The high voltage could be due to the dense population of dissolved ions present in each sample. Such quantities could produce a small electrical gradient. The very last two experiments were Just like the last experiment. This time students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was seed for the nitrate analysis and the chloride specific probe was used or the chloride analysis. After properly calibrating the probes, students immersed the probes into each sample at a time and collected the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located below the table titled, â€Å"Nitrates/Chlorides present†. Each value is expressed using the standard units of MGM/L. According to the Ohio EPA, the standard amount or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water Quality Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. Us). A value higher than this standard violates he sanctions set forth by the EPA and leads to further investigation of the problematic water. Each of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public drinking water from the Toledo are is partially free from nitrates. Why are nitrates so bad? We must look way back to the original source of our drinking water- surface water. Surface waters from rivers and lakes can easily become tainted with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although presence of nitrate to us may not be a bad thing to us, it most certainly is to the environment. Sudden increase in such nutrient bound runoff causes extreme algal blooms consume large amounts of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in our drinking water obviously poses as a health concern. The maximum amount of chloride allowed in public drinking water is OMG/L according to the United States EPA (â€Å"Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water: Chlorine, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide†,water. Pa. Gob). All four samples abi de by this regulatory standard. If the opposite had occurred the government would shut off the publics access to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in nature it is usually found attached to a group IA or AAA metal or to itself. By itself it can become dangerous. Error Analysis The probability of human error for this series of experiment is multiplied due to Mistakes were undoubtedly made; solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not calibrated properly.One such example of human error is the source of the large difference between sample Xi's total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a student over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is larger than the actual value needed. Thus alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to neutralize the water sample. It gives the false impression that the sample was very alkaline/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until resistance to color change takes longer, then add drop wise. Calibration of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested positive for the standards governed by the Environmental Protection agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes must be properly calibrate. To properly calibrate a probe means to immerse he sensitive head into the solution (so the small white dot is Just below the liquid surface) and enter the value of the corresponding standard into the computer.The one step that catches mot students is the waiting time. Impatience lead to improper calibration. Cross contamination of the probes by dipping them in the samples without cleaning them with denizen water and wiping them off with a clean towel could also have adversely affected the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he values displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the values on the computer could have led to tremendous error. Misuse of significant figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies mostly to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH values. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two significant figures. Constant rounding up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. Conclusion: The purpose of this series of experiment was to provide students a real-life application of nearly all of the techniques they have learned in their first year of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like dissolved actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) interact in aqueous solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the various techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by employed chemists in w ater treatment plant. Where's the proof? Well by looking at the results from this lab and comparing them to the standards produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, one could say that they are quite similar.

Renewable energy law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Renewable energy law - Essay Example There are several reasons why the government should insist on the usage of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are no likely to cause pollution in the air and on water bodies.However,there are some sources of renewable energy that can cause environmental degradation if not carefully used; such sources include large hydro and some kinds of biomass. Renewable energy is also seen as a perfect example in fighting global warming. These sources of energy do not emit carbon monoxide into the air thus affecting the ozone layer. Further, renewable sources of energy are sustainable; they can be used for several years without being depleted. Renewable sources of energy such as hydro, solar, geothermal, wind, tidal and wave power have got no fuel costs: their production does not depend on the presence of fuel for their production. Their usage can prevent the ever rising prices of energy.The UK and Canada have got the powers to declare an executive economic zone (EEZ).Such a resolu tion means that they are able to establish any organization that will be mandated and concerned with the production of renewable energy. They will also be able to produce renewable energy through the water, current and winds. The UK has got no intention to declare an EEZ, however, the government will consider the move once it receives royal assent from the United Nations. Precedent to this policy is witnessed in the country’s commissioning of an Executive Fishing Zone and another zone for the conservation of the marine environment. These two policies progress the UK’s ability in respect to specific rights, those that exist outside its territorial waters (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). Privileges established in the primary legislation will assist in the creation of boundaries to the production of renewable energy which is expected to operate under the Orders in Council. Regulation for this can be found in the secondary regulation under section 1 (7) of the continental sh elf act 1967 which is concerned with the mapping of the UK’s continental shelf. The government projects that the renewable energy zone will also work in the same way as the UK continental shelf. There are also some limits to these regulations, it is evident that they will challenged by other regulations from other coastal states, for example, at the west coast of Scotland, the limit may extend to over 200 mile limit (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). The UK government has got plans to allocate resources necessary for the development of renewable energy zones, especially in the Crown state. To ensure that the offshore renewable energy installations meet the standards of the UK government, policy makers in the sector will have follow the similar approach followed in the Petroleum Act 1998 (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). This will be achieved through the use of Orders in Council to ensure strict application of the necessary law of England, Wales and Scotland to the approach towards r enewable energy investments and any acts or omissions committed with the range of 500 meters. Further, the government plans to use the protection enjoyed in the Submarine Telegraph act 1885 in the submarine cable responsible for the installation of renewable energy devices, either in the territorial sea or in its internal waters. To this far, the work of the legal team in the provision of regulations within the renewable energy sector will be put to practice by using relevant provisions of the legislation which are already being used in its territorial waters. The government also holds the view that offshore renewable energy and their relation with the integrated transmission network should honor the same quality and safety as the onshore installations. Policy makers therefore plan to extend the legality of the sections 29 and 30 of the electricity act to the renewable energy zone. Further, due to the potentiality of disaster that offshore renewable energy may pose to the airplanes, they plan to also use the civil aviation authority so as to

Leadership Failure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Failure - Assignment Example Many factors, from a leadership perspective, have been accounted for Lehman brothers’ downfall that burst out by the end of 2008. Foremost, the executive leaders of the institution seemed to be unaware of the market complexities that had changed drastically over the last few decades. Leadership can be well executed only if the leaders are proactive with respect to all aspects of the organization and changing behaviors of people, customers, market, and shareholders. Kelly and Csorba’s (2009) extensive report on leadership gaps at Lehman Brothers clearly identifies reasons for its failure. In short, this report points at factors such as leadership autonomy, inappropriate human resource practices, hierarchy versus authority, personal character and values of leaders, inappropriate decisions with respect to alignment of individual goals and objectives with that of organization’s objectives. Bill George (2008) of Lehman Brothers also pointed at the critical decisions made by leadership that focused on short-term monetary targets and incentives and lack of risk assessment. Incidences of resistance from leadership level towards risk assessment have also been reported in the Lehman’s history. This not only indicates lack of risk assessment but also lack of shared leadership concept that is extremely important to run large organizations (O’Toole, Galbrath & Lawler, 2002). Leaders need to have the courage of taking risks, however, taking uncalculated risks can be the potential threat to the organization at large. Investment in complex and highly uncertain areas were some of the most critical leadership decisions that changed the plight of the organization and all its stakeholders. Leaders need to develop careful judgment of risks and strategize appropriate risk management practices to save the organization when faced with risky situations.  Ã‚  In conclusion, leadership is a quality that an individual must possess, but not limited to fulfilling the individual’s desires, motives, or goals; it is more about taking decisions and doing actions that contribute to the development of business through all people associated with the business.  

Compare between two websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare between two websites - Essay Example These websites provide various services and software products for business management. Halogensoftware’s products are more focused towards talent management part of the business, whereas, Successfactors’ solutions are related to execution of business. Halogensoftware provides following major product package: performance appraisal, goal management, competency management, career development and planning, integrated talent profile, employee on boarding, activity tracker, easy HRIS integration, job description builder and real0time reporting etc. On the other hand, product and service package of successfactors include, business alignment, people performance and integrated business-execution software solutions. Both organizations provide more or less similar range of software products. Halogen provides money back guarantee for its services where as successfactors display Deloitte’s rating for its products. Analysis indicated that the successfactors has better described and marketed their products. For example, both firms offer a product 360-degree feedback; however, successfactors has given a brief comparison of 360 degree and a regular manager feedback to show how 360-degree feedback is better and why should it is adapted. Then, a visual presentation, including snap shots of the software product is available for the buyer. The product consists of three broad sections of information: employee information, employee feedback, and overall rating. A section of â€Å"legal scan† is also provided to serve legal purpos es. On the other hand, Halogen has provided a brief overview about the features, results, and affordability of its 360-degree rater. For another product, Succession planning, halogen has emphasized its cost effectiveness and affordability. The â€Å"talent pool model† is the base for this product. Its implementation is in three phases: First, the firm understands its workforce potential. Second, it develops internal

Export Management Task Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Export Management Task - Article Example For all of you who are involved in the industry and to those of you who have had the occasion to become involved on a personal level, You will no doubt agree with me when I say that it is an industry which is predicated on logistics, scheduling, and documents. Moreover, all of the logistics must be arranged far in advance, the scheduling must all come together into one unit at a specific time, and at a specific place, and all of the documentation must be accomplished accurately, and on time, in accordance with previously stipulated agreements. Having said that, I will now present the various components and aspects which comprise the Export Management Task. Export sales contracts can be formal or informal, depending on the foreign buyer. One should be cautioned that any contract which is made quickly and informally when some of the conditions are assumed or left to be clarified later, is a dangerous, ill advised, and not a good practice standard. Of course, most of us are aware of off ers to sell which are presented over the phone, which covers the product to be sold, the quantity, the price per unit, outlining delivery, the terms, and the medium of payment, which is often accepted by the foreign buyer. Also, we are familiar with a call from the buyer, with an offer to buy. offer to buy. 2This type of contract may be preceded by a series of offers and counter offers before the final offer and acceptance. This type of contract remains informal if it is not confirmed in writing. This type of contractural practice is most common and acceptable between branches of the same company, or between long standing trade partners, or between very reputable companies who trade in commodities which are prone to rapid changes in prices. It is my caution to you, that unless one of the three above-mentioned conditions are characteristic of your transaction, then this informal mode, should not be your practice. The most assured way to a void any and all misunderstandings, is to get the buyer to agree to the use of what is commonly referred to as General Standard Conditions. "These are standardized contract terms that permit the parties to refer to a pre- established set of rules that can be incorporated into the contract"(SIT). If you elect to choose this standardized proforma, then you must by all means, become keenly familiar with the contents, because once the generalized Standard Conditions have been adopted, they are legally binding whether or not both parties are aware of and understand every provision"(SIT) According to the Secrets in International Trade, an offer to sell may also be made via telex, courier, air mail, cable, facsimile and today even via e-mail. The exporter confirms the terms and stipulations of the sale via a proforma invoice: the proforma invoice will detail the entire order, The type of shipment ( i.e., f.o.b. Plymouth) quantity, type of item, unit cost, and total cost. As an addendum one might also include certain terms such as the name and address of the preferred bank, and the preferred shipping3 date. Upon receipt of the proforma invoice, the buyer will confirm his acceptance by

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Eassy - Essay Example No wonder, the writer compared it to today’s terrorism rather than calling it a war. Since Warfare differs from terrorism in that the violent actions in the former are aimed at the combatants on each side and public generally is made aware that a war has erupted. Terrorist acts target innocent people deliberately. In warfare, innocents are not the primary targets. But this definition of war does not apply to Hiroshima bombing. Berger further proves his point as: â€Å"The two bombs dropped on Japan were terrorist actions. The calculation was terrorist. The discriminacy was terrorist. The small groups of terrorists operating today are, by comparison, humane killers" (273). The writer supports his comment by saying that terrorists also attack unaware common people at the railway station, in the market or people going home after the work. The war and terrorism are the evils and it is first duty of human kind to fight against evils and preserve life. This concept of ‘evil’, however, has been abandoned and it remains just an adjective today. The writer also discloses that today’s terrorists are from small nation who have dispute over large powers while Hiroshima atom bomb attack was made on a nation that had conceded defeat and was ready for negotiations (273). â€Å"While doctor and nurses at hospitals across the city tended to hundreds of damaged people, a disquieting sense grew throughout the day at other triage centers and emergency rooms that there, would, actually be less work: the morgues were going to be busiest.† (418) In the normal life, even a distant thought of a loved one’s death creates fear and we scold ourselves for such a thing, but seeing the gory dance of death and losing precious lives due to such outrageous and mindless violent act is unbelievable to most of us. A war without principles and terrorism are both extremely cowardly deeds. He continues: â€Å"But the real carnage was concealed for now by the twisted, smoking,

Freedom and Social Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Freedom and Social Political Philosophy - Essay Example Social-political philosophy, therefore, refers to discipline infrastructure that aims to solve and discover problems that are deeply rooted in the society and affects human beings either directly or indirectly. It seeks to create a relationship between the society and man. Social-political philosophy is considered universal, prescriptive or largely theoretical in context (Simon, 2002). Social-political philosophy concerns the existence of man in the society. It helps identify the nature of human beings and evaluates how they are able to relate to the society. It deals with man’s relationship and conducts with the society at large. The questions posed by social-political philosopher’s targets issues such as democracy, rules and the purpose of the state. The person’s metaphysical orientation is one of the element s that determines political philosophy various questions that a social-political philosopher asks are vital in the creation of rules and laws associated with man and aimed at establishing the re3lationships that coexist with the society. The culture and experience of a philosopher determine how they are able to respond to the many questions raised and targeting man and society (Russell, 2000). A philosopher relates their ideas to those who came before them and the current issues affecting the society as a man’s dwelling place. Soc ial-political philosophy and political science functions together through political science are associated with answers that are descriptive (it says, ‘what is not and what is’). Political philosophy, on the other hand, utilizes the evaluative and analytical method in dealing with most of its issues. The paper seeks to discuss a social-political philosophy theme in the society. Freedom and justice are some of the themes in the social-political philosophy. The idea of freedom is recognized as ambiguous, indefinite and open to a lot of misconception.  

Business Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Writing - Essay Example This minimizes disputes, since unrecorded conversations can be distorted or forgotten, and can easily be retrieved when categorized and stored properly. Although a memo is an informal letter, it should still indicate relevant information so that receiving parties can act accordingly. Such information includes the addressees of the memo, date, name of the sender and most importantly, the subject of the matter. A memo can be distributed internally or posted in the company's bulletin board. On the other hand, a business letter is very formal because more likely than not, it is intended for external parties. As such, the format of a letter differs greatly from that of a memo. A business letter includes the recipient's name and address, date, salutation, subject, body of the letter, complimentary close and signature of the sender. Sometimes, an enclosure is included if required. In addition, a business letter must be printed using the company's letterhead. The writing method used in a business letter should be formal, polite and serious to indicate the level of professionalism. The content of a business letter should also be clear and concise. A business letter is usually sent by post or courier.

street car named Desire Essay Example for Free

street car named Desire Essay The play â€Å"A street car named Desire† by Tennessee Williams is a play that explores different characterizations in the society, by using three prime characters Stanley, Blanche, and Stella. Stanley is a person who lives in the realm of reality while Blanche seeks to live in a fantasy world. Stella is person who is deceived by Blanche’s illusions but comes back to reality when Stanley acts as a mirror and reflects all that Blanche loathes about herself. The characters in the play hide from their reality by acting as if the events they went through didn’t happen or were not important. Norton Juster in his masterpiece â€Å"The phantom tollbooth† said â€Å"if something is there, you can only see it with your eyes open, but if it isnt there, you can see it just as well with your eyes closed. Thats why imaginary things are often easier to see than real ones. † Blanche chose a see something that is not there in order to hide from the present misfortune and past failures, which gave her happiness, peace and kindness than the real world. Similarly when Blanche reveals the truth about the rape, Stella chose to believe in the fantasy and discard the truth by saying â€Å"I couldnt go on believing her story and live with Stanley† (Stella 1862). Blanche may be a person who lives in an unrealistic world. She lied and hid the truth but she never tried to hide the truth. She always believed in the best of anyone she loves, and believe them incapable of cruelty. This can be evident as she says â€Å"Deliberate cruelty is not forgivable. It is the one unforgivable thing in my opinion and it is the one thing of which I have never, never been guilty. †(Blanche 1859). Blanche knows what part of her story is illusion, and Stanley sees through it all. This eventually leads to the implicating moment. Stella reacts in an interesting manner in this scene. She says â€Å"I couldnt go on believing her story and live with Stanley† (Stella 1862) on knowing the truth. She resolved the conflict that is going through her soul in the only way possible. As Blanche reveals the truth about the rape, Stella either has to believe her and leave Stanley or consider Blanches story as a part of her illusion. Even though Stella knows that Blanche was speaking out the reality, she followed the principles of illusion over reality in order to continue living the life she had before Blanche’s arrival. Living in Illusions in the present day is very common. We consume a lot of lies daily. The key to happiness lies in how we show ourselves to the world. Celebrities who come from humble backgrounds are shown as proof that anyone can be adored by the world. For example the flamboyant lives of celebrities and the outrageous characters on television, movies, professional wrestling and sensational talk shows are promoted to us, promising to fill up the emptiness in our own lives. However it is cultivating a self-sustaining cycle that drives the frustrated and alienated individual with even greater desperation and hunger away from reality, back towards the empty promises of those who seduce us, who tell us what we want to hear. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the steady deterioration of the dollars, the climbing unemployment, the melting of the polar ice caps and the awful reality that makes us run out of money doesnt fit into the cheerful happy talk that we maintain in our day to day life. The worse things get, the more we beg for fantasy. Escaping the reality and living in a fantasy world will leave oneself blind to the things around us. In some cases, if we are strong enough to withhold from the fantasy and illusions around us, we may end up in the reality, like Mitch. Both Stella and Blanche found it best in their minds to live in a fantasy but if you live in it too long it can take over your reality.

Crucible and McCarthyism Essay Example for Free

Crucible and McCarthyism Essay In American History there were two proceedings that were very similar, yet three hundred years apart. The Salem Witch Trials took place in 1692, the seventeenth century and McCarthyism took place in 1948 between 1956, the mid twentieth century. These two proceedings are known as two of the greatest mass tragedies in America. The Crucible is an allegory of McCarthyism or in other words the second Red Scare. During McCarthyism the United States was petrified of Communists influence. Many people in both the Crucible and McCarthyism who feared the court provided names of suspects in an attempt to save themselves. Throughout these two proceedings, there is the concept of mass hysteria. Mass hysteria is a form of group thinking in which several people have something in common and begin to think in the same way. The Crucible began as a way for the oppressed girls to avoid being punished. The girls then found this to be an ideal way to get revenge on anyone whom you disliked. People started accusing their neighbors of being witches so they could steal their farmland. Others, like Abby, accused others of being witches if they wanted to steal their husband or wives, or even possessions. The McCarthy hearings, as they were known as, were known to have dominated our country. These hearings, were of suspects being related to communism, were interviewed and forced to give up the names of others, or they were imprisoned, and their names were black listed. One similarity between McCarthyism and the Salem Witch Trials is that â€Å"everybody is doing it mentally.† The lives of the innocent people were ruined in both eras because of all the accusations and punishments. Both the people accused in the Salem Witch Trials and the people accused in The McCarthy hearings were found guilty with such little evidence. There were so many uninhabited accusations, with little to no proof. During the Crucible time period, those accused of being witches were sometimes sentenced to be tied to a rock and thrown in a pond, and if they sank, they were declared innocent, but if they somehow survived the dunking, then they were shown to be witches and then executed. Most of those found guilty of witchcraft were hung. In the Crucible, Giles Corey was pressed to death with r ocks, because he refused to plead guilty or innocent. Throughout the Crucible people’s names are destroyed even when they are completely innocent. In the book The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor states, â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I  cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name†(Miller)!

How Big Food Companies Influence Consumer Behaviour Marketing Essay

How Big Food Companies Influence Consumer Behaviour Marketing Essay Food is one of the most imperative necessities in peoples everyday life. Since it is an indispensable part of everyones life, people seldom think about how much food we consume and what kind of factors usually influence us when we eat and buy. According to National Statistics, in the past one year, 63 million UK consumers in total spent 173.6 billion pounds on food, drink and catering services, which means food cost each British consumer 2,756 pounds in average in 2011(Food Statistics Pocketbook 2011, 2011). It is quite easy to measure the amount food people consume in quantitative analysis; however, to predict consumers behaviour in daily food consumption is difficult. General information about some big food companies People enjoy benefits of modern transportation system and get food produced anywhere from local stores. However, most of food illustrated on the shelves of supermarkets comes mainly from some big food companies. Those companies have strong influences on consumers whether they realize it or not. The biggest two food companies in the world are Nestlà © and Kraft. According to the key figures on Nestlà ©s global website, their sales in the year 2011 was 83,642 million in Swiss franc (CHF), which equals to approximate 87,191 million in US Dollar(Nestlà ©, Inc.,2012). For Kraft, its revenue of 2010 was 49,200 million in US Dollar (Kraft, Inc., 2012). Countries like New Zealand, its GDP in 2010 were only about 119,200 million in US Dollar. From these figures, it gives a clear indication of the gigantic size of these food companies. Every single day, they sell thousands of packaged food to consumers all over the world. The influence of these conglomerates on consumers behaviour is prevalent. Definition of Consumer Behaviour How do people make their choice in the process purchasing? How do they react to price, promotions, sales and advertisements? These kinds of questions can be answered in research scope of consumer behaviour. According to Robert East (2008), marketing is a customer of consumer research. Although consumer behaviour is a complicated concept, it can be measured by some systematic research to some extent. For example, if the price is dropped by 10%, how much do sales change correspondingly? We can use methods of statistics, psychology and market research to measure the size of effect (East, 2008). Project statement In this project, it will main focus on consumer behaviour in food buying process. Some examples and cases about industry-leading companies will be given to show how these world-leading food companies influence the most important part-food, in peoples daily life. Some critical analysis will be included in this thesis to help consumers to have an understanding of buying food from a different perspective. East, R., Vanhuele, M. and Wright, M. (2008). Consumer Behaviour Applications in Marketing. Oak, CA: SAGE Publications. Definition ( Consumer Behaviour) what is consumer behaviour How do people make their choice in the process purchasing? How do they react to price, promotions, sales and advertisements? These kinds of questions can be answered in research scope of consumer behaviour. According to Robert East (2008), marketing is a customer of consumer research. Although consumer behaviour is a complicated concept, it can be measured by some systematic research to some extent. For example, if the price is dropped by 10%, how much do sales change correspondingly? We can use methods of statistics, psychology and market research to measure the size of effect (East, 2008). Consumers as decision makers For consumers, decision making process is quite similar to an evaluate process. Usually, customers compare pros and cons of target goods with other alternatives. It is easy for us to assume that consumers are individual decision makers. However, many decisions are made in groups and marketers use mass media, word of mouth and price to influence groups of consumers choices since these consumers share some common features. Dietary habit(behaviour) in food buying process According to National Statistics : Food prices rose sharply (12% in real terms) in 2007 and 2008 following rises in agricultural commodity prices and rises in fuel prices. The four year rise between June 2007and June 2011 was 26%; over 12% in real terms. But Spend on eating out fell by 5.2% in real terms between 2007 and 2010. (Food Statistics Pocketbook 2011, 2011, pp25-26). These figures show that with the increase of food price, spend on eating out by British was lower than before. It means the cost of eating out may increase according to food price and people are quite sensitive on the cost spent on money According to National Statistics (Food Statistics Pocketbook 2011, 2011), in 2010 UK households spent  £24.50 on food and non-alcoholic drinks for household supplies, with 23% going on meat. National Statistics reported: Overall 15% of edible food and drink purchases are wasted each year. Different foods are wasted at different rates; 17%of overall food purchases, 7.1% of soft drinks and 6.3% of alcoholic drinks are wasted. Avoidable food and drink waste in the home is estimated by WRAP at  £12 billion per year or  £480 per household. These wastes were probably caused by misestimating food consumption by households or triggered by the sales and promotions. Food marketing strategy used by food companies to influence consumers Food industry sponsor nutrition research In the new millennium, it is quite common for businesses to invest money in scientific research national committees in food and nutrition realm. A British study showed that of 246 members, 158 are funded by food companies (Nestle. M, 2001). Actually, it is a kind of advertisement and marketing strategy to influence buyer behaviour and both sides gain interests together. Food companies provide financial supports to nutrition and agriculture schools for consulting advices, speech of professors on conferences and findings of academic research. Companies also advertise in professional journals, newspapers and conferences. One investigation report of vitamin manufacturer showed that if professors are given travel subsidies, gifts or research funds, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude toward their sponsors products (Nestle, 2001). It is not to say that industry-sponsored research is always biased, but there shows a higher inclination to favour the sponsors commercial interests. By this way, consumers are influenced by the findings of scientific research and their sponsoring company. Advertising is another important benefit food companies want to achieve by supporting nutrition research. Food and beverage companies place advertisements on program leaflets, offer scholarship to outstanding students in the department, and gift free stationaries, accessories coffee and snakes with their company logos during the coffee breaks. For example, the Mars Company funded obesity prevention and treatment session, which helped it to build a healthful and positive imagine in the chocolate business. These kinds of advertisements affect publics attitudes toward health food from deep root, which will reflect in consumer behaviour in the process of purchasing. Price incentives In the market place, buyers are influenced by many factors, e.g. price, action of competitors, quality and etc. Although price is not the only factor that influence consumers, in most cases, purchasers are price-oriented and easy to be stimulated by price incentives. In common sense, if a produce is cheaper than it is expected, it will be more likely to be bought and vice versa. However, it is not the only way that price influences consumer behaviour. In supermarket, we can find sales and reduction in formats such as buy two get on free, buy one get the second half price, or up to 50% off. It is called price framing and those words make the promotions look attractive. According Nestles research (2001), he suggested that the use of price framing is an effective pricing tool and it can affect peoples judgements. Actually, different frames result in the same expenditure (Nestle, 2001). There are some typical types of frames we can find everywhere in our life. Membership fees of Gyms can be presented in 25 pounds per month instead of total amount 300 pounds for a year. 99-ending indicates a good deal, since a price starting with a 1 looks smaller than a price starting with a 2. Actually, companies do not lose money because of the 1 penny lower in pri ce but it does promote the sales by making consumers feel it is cheaper. Another interesting finding by Yang. S and her colleagues (2009) pointed out that numerical price formats also have a substantial influence on consumer purchase behaviour. According to their research that the written or scripted format of price on menu can remind people of concept of cost, since the word dollar or symbol $ may cause a pain of payment. This leads eaters to buy less in the restaurants. If restaurants avoid these monetary sign and use numbers only, it will result in more spending (Yang.S and et al, 2009). Surprisingly, it is not only price itself but the format of price can also influence consumer behaviour in buying process. Build brand loyalty Brand loyalty represents a favourable attitude toward a brand resulting in consistent purchase of brand over time said by Assael (2004). For example, if there are several brands of chips offered to a person, he or she chooses one kind of these brand rather than the others for enough time to show the satisfaction towards to this particular brand. It is called brand loyalty. To consumers, the habit of choosing the same brand for several times means the reduction of risk. According to the blind test on two competing brands of cola carried out by Maison. Greenwald and Bruin (2004), many consumers who claimed they have explicit preferences on Coca-Cola or Pepsi cannot identify these two brands by their taste. However, when they can see the brand name, they show strong preferences. From this point, brand loyalty is more about the name or the image of a brand rather than their function or taste. By this way, many food companies launch their new product by using existed brand name, which can help the new product to acquire higher acceptance. the dark side of consumer behaviour in food industry addictive consumption Salted Food may be an addictive substance that stimulates opiate and dopamine receptors in the brains reward and pleasure centre more than it is tasty, while salted food preference, urge, craving and hunger may be manifestations of opiate withdrawal. Salted food and opiate withdrawal stimulate appetite, increases calorie consumption, augments the incidence of overeating, overweight, obesity and related illnesses. Obesity and related illnesses may be symptoms of Salted Food Addiction. consumer terrorism Examples: 1990,pepsi weathered its own crisis when more than 50 reports of syringes found in diet pepsi cans surfaced in 23 states compulsive consumption example: 2011, salt out of stock in china. There is a rumour that salt can prevent harmful effect of radiation caused by nuclear leak in Fukushima, Japan. Conclusion: From perspective of big food companies From perspective of individual consumers

Technology and Society in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Enders Game, and America in 2004 :: comparison compare contrast essays

Technology and Society in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Ender's Game, and America in 2004 Science fiction authors of the 1940's and 50's like George Orwell, Ray Bradbury, and Isaac Asimov wrote their books about technological dilemmas such as automation (robots), information technology, and technologically influenced utopias (or depending on the reader, dystopias). Charles Allen once said that "if the human race wants to go to Hell in a basket, technology can help it get there by jet." In the era of the mentioned authors, technology was a new and exciting idea, and the concept of technology causing so many problems was far from their minds. Today, however, our lives are practically dictated by technology. Ray Bradbury and George Orwell were more frightened of the endless possibilities of what humans can do with technology. In 1984, George Orwell wrote of a future where people didn't know what privacy was because the government used the art of spying to gain control and acceptance. The government watched the actions of its citizens from the moment they were born until the time of their death. Protection from surveillance was impossible because all technology was owned by "Big Brother." Besides that, how can one miss something they've never experienced? If you were born without a finger, do you really miss it? It may be useful, but if you've never experienced it, how do you know you're actually missing out? We face the same conflict today, almost fifty years later. Our government uses all kinds of surveillance to keep track of its citizens, from satellites in space to cameras mounted on telephone poles. Although it's highly unlikely that total privacy has been taken from us, the concept is possible. When Orwell wrote 1984, he wrote of a foreign idea, not realizing that we are experiencing excerpts of his book in 1999. It's almost sad, in a way, that our government has taken a piece of one man's imagination and applied it to everyday life. Who's Big Brother now? Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, is set in a society where the written word is strictly forbidden. Firemen of the future are required to set fires, not put them out. They are required to find houses, buildings, basically any place that contains the forbidden books.

Bilingual education: The Benefits of Technology Essay -- essays papers

Bilingual education: The Benefits of Technology The topic of discussion will introduce how technology can benefit Bilingual education in classrooms across the United States. Alone, Bilingual education is a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country who, for various reasons, are opposed to bilingual education. Minorities in the Classroom It is estimated that by the turn of the century up to 40 percent of the children in the nation’s classrooms will be non-white, with the majority Latino. Already, multilingual schools exist in practically every major city. Since the teaching source is primarily White, and becoming even more so, it is important to take immediate action to prepare teachers and principles to work with a student population different than themselves (Dreyer, 1998). The increase limited-English proficient students in today’s classrooms are presenting unique academic and social challenges in education. Teachers who lack experience and training in working with linguistically and culturally diverse students must make a commitment to address these student’s needs by learning strategies that can fulfill the dual function of presenting academic content while also providing opportunities for the limited-English proficient student to develop their language skills naturally (Garret, 1999). Diversity in our classrooms represents opportunities for expanding ideas, for learning about language, and for cultural exchange among students. The cultural and racially diverse classroom is a natural resource, yet few teachers realize the educational benefits that can be attained through understanding how diversity enhances the learning experience, especially when teachers are striv... ...rograms. R. Macias & D.J. Rose. (1994). Wired for knowledge: Advanced technology keeps students stimulated and in school. Hispanic. 7,17-21. Retrieved February 19, 2004 from ERIC/EBSCO database. Interactive classrooms called ‘Electronic Classrooms,’ which involves teaching by a specially prepared site broadcasted over 3 cable channels. Cho, Hanah. (2003, October 19). Nonprofit creating a charter school; As Harford adopts policies, church group has hopes to start county’s first one. The Sun. Baltimore, MD. Rescue-One –the nonprofit community development corperation of Zion Temple Church in Havre de Grace discuss the development plans for a charter school that would emphasize technology and bilingualism. Weisman, Jonathan. (1998, April 24). School tax break voted: Senate also defeats national tests, back state block grants. The Sun. Baltimore, MD.

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Change

Global Warming First discovered at the turn of the century by the Swedish scientist Arrhenius, global warming was initially thought to only cause increased greenhouse gases from coal combustion emissions. It wasn’t until fifty years later that the real causes and effects of global warming would be discovered. A British scientist by the name of Calendar correlated the 10% increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide between 1850 and 1940 with the observed warming of northern Europe and North America, which began in the 1880's. As for the cause of global warming, scientists generally believe that both the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas contribute heavily to global warming. Other major causes include deforestation, methane gas emissions, and the release of nitrous oxide chemicals into the atmosphere. The gasses are released primarily by rice cultivation, cattle and livestock populations, gas pipelines, and landfills. Deforestation is a big problem as far as global warming because trees remove Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere, but release large quantities when burned. Methane gas emissions contribute because they are trapped in the earth’s atmosphere and reflect light, which is usually released in a clean, healthy atmosphere. The energy burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories is responsible for about eighty percent of society's carbon dioxide emissions, about twenty-five percent of U.S. methane emissions, and about twenty percent of global nitrous oxide emissions. The evidence of global warming has been a care and concern ... ...problem will only garner with time. New and more efficient programs need to be developed as well as alternate methods of energy production because the methods now are not efficient enough to be able to cut pollution and waste by a significant amount. Possibly over time, such changes can be made and goals achieved so that we can live in a cleaner, healthier world. Works Cited Cowie, J. (1998). Climate and Human Change: Disaster or Opportunity? New York: Parthenon Publishing Fleagle, R.G. (1994) Global Environment Change Westport: Praeger Publishing World Wide Fund for Nature homepage. Articles written by WWF staff and AP (updated October 13, 1999: site visited October 13, 1999, (Http://www.Panda.org)] United States Environmental Protection Agency homepage. Written by EPA staff [updated April 21, 1998: visited October 12, 1999, (Http://www.epa.gov)]

Classic Post-Modernist Writers

Charles Dickens. Thomas Hardy. Joseph Conrad. During their time, they were considered to be realists because they shape their readers’ perceptions of the world. In doing so, their writings are described to be modern and post-realist. This paper will discuss their approaches and on how their works, which we discussed this semester, are classic masterpieces simply because these transcend over time. Post-realism in literature is done when subjects are depicted on the page as how they are in daily life. There is no interpretation and embellishment.They reveal the mundane truth. Most of the time, in post-realism, these truths are ugly and sordid. Therefore, during the 20th century, when these writers came up with their works, they were often criticized for discussing subjects at that time were deemed as taboo. Realism was the cultural movement that was quite popular in literature in the 1800s. It was the opposite of romanticism because it encouraged artists to present objects at th eir most real. The perceptions are undistorted by bias and it is said that realism is the objective reality.The trend reformed the cultural movements in literature and became modernized. Cultural, political and artistic movements headed this direction at the turn of the century. It confirmed the ability of human beings to improve, create, reshape and enhance their environment. The period of modernism was during 1884 to 1914. Through technology, practical knowledge and scientific experiments, individuals are able to improve their way of life. It was at its earliest stages but these three novelists were able to become masters of the technique way before their counterparts did.Modernism examined the aspect of existence. It ranged from philosophy to commerce. It allowed the readers to reflect without holding back and replaced the old methods with the new progressive techniques. It was the introduction on how the world must accept the changes that were already occurring. By embracing the se changes and retaining some traditions, the post-realist movement came into place. (Crook, 1991, p. 32) Charles Dickens is known for his storytelling and immortal characters. With this, his literary creations received worldwide popularity which readers often anticipated for as well.The demand for Dickens’ short stories and novels didn’t allow these to go out of print. He wrote serialized novels which the public eagerly waited and religiously read. Scholars who studied why Dickens’ stories could reach out to his readers discovered that the author’s childhood influenced his fiction. These innocent experiences assisted him in bringing these stories to life. His writing style is poetic because it combines fantasy and realism which allows readers to shift from one to the other. He was also inspired by the gothic romance theme that was made popular in the 18th century.The downside to this writing style is that some of his characters are grotesque that they of ten overpower the stories. (Glancy, 1999, p 45) â€Å"Dombey sat in the corner of the darkened room in the great arm-chair by the bedside, and Son lay tucked up warm in a little basket bedstead, carefully disposed on a low settee immediately in front of the fire and close to it, as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him brown while he was very new. Dombey was about eight-and-forty years of age. Son about eight-and-forty minutes.Dombey was rather bald, rather red, and though a handsome well-made man, too stern and pompous in appearance, to be prepossessing. Son was very bald, and very red, and though (of course) an undeniably fine infant, somewhat crushed and spotty in his general effect, as yet. † The two paragraphs are from the first chapter of Dickens’ â€Å"Dombey and Son. † Dickens was an active participant in social concerns and such themes were rooted in this novel. Examples were marriages being arranged a s if it were financial partnerships. Other themes were familial relationships and child cruelty.A factor that made Dickens’ works post-modernist is his take on social commentaries. He often wrote about poverty, specifically the social stratification in the Victorian society. The approach Dickens often utilized is presenting the incidences through caricatures in order to present the readers the social truth. (Glancy, 1999, p. 53) Another post-modernist theme is that Dickens often highlighted his idealism through the poignant social commentaries of his novels. A number of his novels discussed social realism and concentrated on the mechanisms of the social control which directed the lives of the individuals.He used coincidences which only showed how idealistic his works were. Thomas Hardy is Dickens’ exact opposite. He is a realist in the sense that his novels often ends in a tragic note. Hardy was an English novelist, writer and poet. Unlike Dickens, Hardy’s child hood was privileged nor luxurious. His father was a stonemason and his mother provided him with his formal education. He was trained as an architect before he moved to London where he enrolled at King’s College. Because of his skills in designing, he won prizes from the Architectural Association and the Royal Institute of British architects.He discovered he also had the knack in writing, thus he began his career as a novelist. â€Å"Jude the Obscure† was Hardy’s most controversial work. It received negative reviews especially from the Victorian public because of the brutal and unsanitized depiction of sex. It was touted as â€Å"Jude the Obscene. † It also caused further strain on Hardy’s marriage to Emma Hardy because it was said that the novel was autobiographical. Scholars pointed out that Emma was Hardy’s first love, just as Sue was Jude’s. Another evidence was Emma’s obsession with religion toward the latter years of her m arriage to Hardy.Incidentally, this was Sue’s predicament on the novel as well. Inspite of the controversies, Hardy became one of the best English novelists by the 20th century. His other works â€Å"Tess of D’urbervilles† and â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge† were well-received by the public. His novels are set in Wessex, an imaginary world that covered the large area of the south-west and south England. (Harvey, 2003, p 23) He also wrote poetry and these were published after 1898 when Hardy took a break from writing novels to concentrate on his poems instead. Hardy was a hybrid of the rural and the architectural world.He understood the former because he knew this as a child and at the same time, he also adapted to the changes of the latter because of how he was trained as an architecture. The post-modernist approach that is apparent in Hardy’s works is his ability to capture the industrial revolution, particularly the ones that took place in the E nglish countryside. He also set this in the Victorian setting which makes his novels more real. (Harvey, 2003, p. 25) â€Å"It was as old fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs.Old as it was, however, the well-shaft that was probably the only relic of the local history that remained absolutely unchanged. Many of the thatched and dormered dweeling-houses had been pulled down of late years, and many trees felled on the green. Above all, the original church, hump-backed, wood turreted-and quaintly-hipped, had been taken down, and either cracked up into heaps of road-metal in the lane, or utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones to fences, and rockeries in the flower-beds of the neighbourhood.In place of it a tall new building of modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had been erected on a new piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic records who had run down from London and back in a day. † That is an excerpt from â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † Another post-modernist theme that is common in Hardy’s works is his depiction of the rural life in the nineteenth century. He presents it as a fatalistic world that is filled with injustice and suffering. The lead characters in his stories are often alienated and ostracized for following their innermost desires that do not coincide with what society expects from them.He emphasizes on the power of fate, especially on the working class. He also shows the deep human instinct and will to struggle against elemental passion. Examples are Tess in â€Å"Tess of the D’urbervilles† and Jude and Sue in â€Å"Jude The Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 15) â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles† was a censored novel that followed â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † It is a great classic but received mixed reviews when it was first published because like â€Å"Jude the Obscure,† it presented sex in a straightforward manner that was rarely done during that time by other writers.Hardy illustrated modernism and this was a common theme in â€Å"Tess of the d’Urbervilles. † He portrayed Tess as a woman who was able to strike the balance between the rural world and the architectural world, just as what Hardy was able to do. Hardy also discussed the separation of man from nature. In one part of the story, Angel was reduced to a skeleton when he got sick. This is an allusion to his creation of the destructive machinery. (Morgan, 1992, p. 18) There is also the double standard on sexuality which Tess had to go through.Hardy questioned and criticized the Victorian period’s perception of female purity. In the novel, Hardy made Tess suffer in order to repent for the scenes of her forefathers. This was a common belief during that time. He also presented her heroine as a sacrificial victim which symbolized her personification of mother nature. This is the similar ity Tess shares with Sue in â€Å"Jude the Obscure. † (Morgan, 1992, p. 20) â€Å"Jude the Obscure† tells the story of Jude Fawley who wishes to be a scholar. He fell in love with his cousin Sue, an intellectual who is training to become a teacher.The apparent themes in the book that are post-modernist concerns are class, religion, scholarship, marriage and the modernization of intellectual thought along with society. It also questions whether fate has an important role to a person’s life letting it lead him to where it will or the person can eventually take the reins and control his life on his own. The accidents and the details that are encountered in the stories eventually leads to the ruin of both Jude and Sue. The book also discussed loneliness and sexuality, in terms of incest. Sexuality also prevents individuals from following through with their dreams.The most controversial topic that was present in the novel is marriage and on how personal dreams could no longer be fulfilled because of that. There was also the satirical look on how living a life as sophists, intellectuals and libertines often result to the condemnation from traditional society. All these themes are post-modernist. Scholars who focused on Hardy concluded that the author loved leading his characters to their downfall as if he were a sadistic god. There are also strong autobiographical references to Hardy’s life in â€Å"Jude the Obscure.†Two important clues to this theory is that Hardy did not attend a university and the love of Jude’s life, Emma Gifford, became more and more religious. (Harvey, 2003, p. 83) Joseph Conrad is the combination of Charles Dickens’ idealism and Thomas Hardy’s realism. He was one of the best English novelists of his time. Despite being Polish born, he was recognized as a master prose because of his approach on modernist literature. His style is narrative and his characters are often anti-heroic. He has b een said to influence the lieks of Graham Greene, DH Lawrence and even Ernest Hemingway.(Orr, 1999, p 46)Conrad reflected on his experiences in the navy in his works. He wrote short stories and novels that showed areas of an empire and how it affected the human soul. Closely looking into Conrad’s life and how this affected his work, other autobiographical accounts are the clear depictions of certain parts of the world such as South American, Malay states, Borneo and Australia in some of his novels. This was because Conrad quickly became first mate and was already the master of his own ship by 1886. By the age of 36, he settled down and started writing.(Orr, 1999, p 62) â€Å"Heart of Darkness† is a novella filled with symbolisms. It is a story in a story or what the post-modernist theme describes as â€Å"frame narrative. † It is the story of Charles Marlow and his recollection of his advenutre in the Congo with a group of men. He was employed by the Belgian tra ding company to transport ivory. During this task, he then developed an interest in checking out the Kurtz. Conrad’s inspiration in writing the novel was his real-life experience in the Congo. He was there for eight and a half years before he sat down to write â€Å"Heart of Darkness.†As a matter of fact, he was captain of the Congo steamer. Therefore, there details in the novel are quite accurate because Conrad was actually there in the Congo. â€Å"I looked at him, lost in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering. He was an insoluble problem. It was inconceivable how he had existed, how he had succeeded in getting so far, how he had managed to remain– why he did not instantly disappear.`I went a little farther,' he said, `then still a little farther–till I had gone so far that I don't know how I' ll ever get back. Never mind. Plenty time. I can manage. You take Kurtz away quick–quick–I tell you. ‘ The glamour of youth enveloped his parti-coloured rags, his destitution, his loneliness, the essential desolation of his futile wanderings. For months–for years–his life hadn't been worth a day's purchase; and there he was gallantly, thoughtlessly alive, to all appearances indestructible solely by the virtue of his few years and of his unreflecting audacity. I was seduced into something like admiration– like envy.†The previous paragraph is an excerpt of the novel which elaborates the post-modernist theme that is apparent in â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † This is the ambiguity between civilization and the barbarians. A number of characters in the novel had spiritual darkness and were looking for their morals. Those who were deemed to be barbaric turned out to be the civilized characters in the end. All throughout the novel, there is the tension between civilization and barbarism. Kurtz represented the darkness which only served as the foundation to the moral structures that are often connotated to civilization.Marlow confronted Kurtz and asked him to commit to the savagery of human instincts or to veneer in the civilization setting. Marlow was torn but between the two, it was the lastter that he couldn’t absolutely do. He was then horrified by what was in his heart. Conrad used the darkness in order to represent the unknown. Mr. Kurtz was the anti-hero of â€Å"Heart of Darkness. † Mallow’s recounts on the whole experience was also explored through the character build-up of Kurtz as well as Mallow’s interaction with the Africans.Another post-modernist theme is the novel’s regard on women’s naivety. There is also the struggle between the good and the evil in the characters. (Orr, 1999, p. 36) Conrad was an emotional man who was depressed and pessimistic. He doubted his s elf and his capabilities. He was able to discipline his craft by resorting to romantic temperament. As an artist, he focused on what could be seen and made the written word powerful by it. (Orr, 1999, p. 28) That was a post-modernist theme that was made popular by Conrad, Hardy and Dickens.Their ability to write in a style that is similar to visual arts single the three of them out as the best in prose. They create the settings of their story, be it real like that of Conrad’s Congo or fictional like that of Hardy’s Wessex. Whether they choose to have their characters be confined and isolated or out there socializing, Conrad, Hardy and Dickens could do so. Literary critics comment on the works of these three novelists and recommend them for their complex narration, pessimistic ideas, profound themes and exotic styles. However, these do not put the readers off.The ideas which Conrad, Hardy and Dickens presented way back in the 20th century are still interesting for 21st century readers. It only comes to prove that their approaches and their writing style are very modern and post-modernist. (Crook, 1991, p. 26) Modernists believed that rejecting tradition from the roots of romanticism and realism, they could make art that organized and guided individuals through the fast pace of the new century. Modernists take their cue from the Impressionists and they all believe that by redefining their art, they are able to arrange these in a modern way which anybody could relate with.Post-realist in literature emerged from the historical backdrop that was presented by the romantic period. By responding to the architectural changes going on around them, post-realist writers in the previous centuries unconsciously became modern-writers because they replaced the themes that were dominant during the period of enlightenment by listening to their emotions and by combating the widespread conventions with taboo subjects presented in a new, truthful and sordid manner.In fluenced by the constant evolution of society, modernists such as Dickens, Hardy and Conrad present their literature in a society that embraces the social truth they are in. Most of the characters in literary creations with post-modern themese are often dissatisfied but they embarked on a journey which allows them to revive the traditional elements or way of life and at the same time discover the other world out there and the new life that opens its doors for them.